Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T14:53:28.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Treating tobacco dependence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The 1988 US Surgeon General's Report entitled Nicotine Addiction reviewed the mass of evidence on the role of nicotine in tobacco consumption and came to three main conclusions, shown in Box 1.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 1995 

References

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., Kozlowski, L. T. et al (1986) Influence of smoking fewer cigarettes on exposure to tar, nicotine, and carbon-monoxide. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 13101313.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Lichtenstein, E., Prochaska, J. O. et al (1989) Debunking myths about self-quitting: evidence from 10 prospective studies of persons who attempt to quit smoking by themselves. American Psychologist, 11, 13551365.Google Scholar
Fiore, M. C., Jorenby, D. E., Baker, T. B. et al (1992) Tobacco dependence and the nicotine patch: clinical guidelines for effective use. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 26872694.Google Scholar
Flaxman, J. (1978) Quitting smoking now or later: gradual, abrupt, immediate, and delayed quitting. Behavior Therapy, 9, 260270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulds, J. (1993) Does nicotine replacement therapy work? Addiction, 88, 14731478.Google Scholar
Foulds, J., Stapleton, J., Feyerabend, C. et al (1992) Effect of transdermal nicotine patches on cigarette smoking: a double blind crossover study. Psychopharmacology, 106, 421427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, J. R., Wilson, D. M. C., Singer, J. et al (1992) A family physician smoking cessation program: an evaluation of the role of follow-up visits. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 8, 9195.Google Scholar
Hajek, P., Belcher, M. & Stapleton, J. (1985) Enhancing the impact of groups: an evaluation of two group formats for smokers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 289294.Google Scholar
Hajek, P., Jackson, P. & Belcher, M. (1988) Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum: outcome, determinants and effect on weight gain. Journal of the American Medical Association, 260, 15931596.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C. et al (1991) The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 11191127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henningfield, J. E., London, E. D. & Benowitz, N. L. (1990) Arterio-venous differences in plasma concentrations of nicotine after cigarette smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 20492050.Google Scholar
Hughes, J. R., Hatsukami, D. K., Mitchell, J. E. et al (1986) Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric out-patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 993997.Google Scholar
Jamrozik, K., Vessey, , Fowler, G. et al (1984) Controlled trial of three different anti-smoking interventions in general practice. British Medical Journal, 288, 14991503.Google Scholar
Silagy, C., Mant, D., Fowler, G. et al (1994) Meta-analysis on the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet, 343, 139142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, G., Stapleton, J., Russell, M. A. H. et al (1992) Randomised controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. Lancet, 340, 324329.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services (1988) The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services (1990) The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Ziedonis, D. M., Kosten, T. R., Glazer, W. M. et al (1994) Nicotine dependence and schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 204206.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.